Fromms Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Fromms Humanistic Psychoanalysis As depicted by Fromm, people experience the ill effects of essential nervousness because of human problems. These are sentiments, for example, dejection, detachment, and vagrancy that are realized by human partition from their common world. This triggers a component planned for diminishing the awkward emotions. Jeff and Ann live in Cleveland, which is far away from their old neighborhood and family.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More They endeavor hard to rejoin with their family by visiting them during Christmas and New Year special seasons. This feeling of solidarity is ascribed to the human requirement for rootedness and relatedness. Rootedness alludes to the urge that inspires people to rediscover themselves and appreciate living on the planet again after division for quite a while. For relatedness, individuals try to join with others either through marriage or framing cozy connections. This depends on three measurements: accommodation, force, and love. By submitting to each other, a gathering, or an establishment, one gets joined with the common world. Comparative with achieving power, individuals become progressively reliant on each other and less free. Ultimately, love makes a unification between people yet at the same time watches the veracity of division among people (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002). With respect to greatness needs, Fromm portrayed it as the desire for individuals to beat detached and the inadvertent presence by making or obliterating life. This is activated by people who are thrown into the regular world without their endorsement. Thusly, they rise above nature either by making or pulverizing it for different reasons. Most definitely, reluctance is viewed as an alternate article through and through. Individuals are distinguished by the jobs they play in the general public. The feeling of personality in a great many peop le is attached to their connection to other people or establishments like religion, occupation, social gatherings, and others. Jeff and Ann distinguish themselves with their occupations. Their feeling of character depends on their one of a kind abilities, which that advantage their organization and causes them to feel certain with their vocations. As to the edge of direction, Jeff and Ann see the characteristic world as a spot that requires greater turn of events. This is credited to the way that they urge their youngsters to leave the world a superior spot than they discovered it. Based on character direction, Fromm would group Jeff and Ann as having a place with the â€Å"productive orientation†. For this situation, they are focused on improving their development and advancement, just as those of others. This is guided by their difficult work, love, and great thinking. Fromm’s humanistic mental hypothesis is altogether identified with other mental speculations. In th e first place, it is firmly identified with social mental hypothesis. This hypothesis expresses that conduct is obtained by molding. What's more, molding is constrained by the prompt environmental factors. Individuals are adapted to grasp the practices of their common reality where they live or were raised. Jeff and Ann experienced troubles in changing in accordance with another condition far away from their home and family.Advertising Looking for paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Loneliness, detachment, and vagrancy among different practices created because of being isolated from their regular world. Concerning Andrea’s case, she discovers difficulties to bond with her family, and this was created since she was little. This is additionally exacerbated by remaining far away from home. Fromm’s hypothesis is identified with psychological brain research hypothesis. Individuals are transcend ently involved by their past encounters in their characteristic world. In encountering new situations and data, individuals ought to adjust, include, or change their past experience. This is constrained by their psychological and character direction that causes them acclimatize and suit the new condition. For example, a childs past presentation to little canines would will in general shape the child’s mindset that mutts are little. In the event that the youngster experiences a major canine, he would ingest this new data and change the past data to incorporate this new one. This change would include osmosis and settlement. Digestion is retaining new encounters into the already existing one though convenience is adjusting or changing the past existing into the light of the new condition. Jeff and Ann need to absorb and oblige living in another condition that is a long way from the past condition. From Andrea’s point of view, she fears visiting her outstanding family beca use of the past experience that she asserts keeps on continuing. Moreover, Maslow’s and Roger’s humanistic brain science speculations identify with that of Fromm. These hypotheses are included human needs that control human presence. As indicated by Fromm’s hypothesis, human needs incorporate rootedness, relatedness, greatness, and character. Postulations relate with those of Maslow’s hypothesis particularly the social needs. They focus more on connections, feeling of having a place, love, and love in the social organizations generally families. Jeff and Ann miss being with their family and they use this open door once it emerges during the special seasons. Ultimately, Fromm’s hypothesis additionally identifies with the character brain research hypothesis. This hypothesis focuses on the standards of conduct and mental states or decisions, which makes one to stand apart from the rest. As per Fromm’s hypothesis, individuals ought to depict the ir uniqueness to characterize their feeling of character or character. Jeff and Ann build up their character from their exceptional gifts in their occupations (Ashcraft, 2012).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Ashcraft, D. M. (2012). Character speculations exercise manual. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (2002). Psychodynamic Theories Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis. Recovered from: http://highered.mheducation.com/destinations/0072316799/student_view0/part2/chapter7/chapter_outline.html

Free Essays on Rocket VS. The Minw

â€Å"The Rocket versus the Mine† A correlation Imagery is a significant piece of works of writing from the beginning of time and keeps on being utilizes by writers to come to their meaningful conclusion today. This strategy, which is one of the best types of disposition creation and setting, is actually what made the film October Sky a genuine case of this. The chief of this film, Joe Johnson, shrewdly utilized two lifeless things and made two significant characters in the film, for this situation the imagery utilized is the rocket contrasted with the coal mine(2). This is the great story of a youngster who despite seemingly insurmountable opposition triumphs at long last when he achieves what he set out to do. For this situation the youngster, whose name is Homer Hickam, has a fantasy to construct rockets as opposed to going to work in the coal mineshaft with his dad. This appeared to be the fated destiny of all the youngsters around who don't get football grants. Homer didn't acknowledge this destiny and was resolved to make a big deal about himself. His fundamental foe was not an individual, yet was a thing. The old Coalwood coalmine was his adversary. It resembled a dark gap, which our science has as of late demonstrated to exist, that appeared to trap everybody in its gravity offering little trust in escape. The mine offered life to the town, yet incidentally it likewise removed it. The coal blast of the mid twentieth century had made numerous new towns in the Appalachian Mountains, and it was the backbone of that district for some years(3 ). Tragically, coal mining was one of the most hazardous occupations around, and many were harmed and executed as an immediate outcome. Innumerable others kicked the bucket years after the fact from coal dust inhalation(3). Now in history a significant number of the mines were shutting and the economy of numerous towns like Coalwood were in peril. Henry 2 Homer understood that he needed something different yet didn’t comprehend what it was until he saw Sputnik impact over the night sky just because. This made him consider the ... Free Essays on Rocket VS. The Minw Free Essays on Rocket VS. The Minw â€Å"The Rocket versus the Mine† A correlation Imagery is a significant piece of works of writing since the beginning and keeps on being utilizes by writers to come to their meaningful conclusion today. This strategy, which is one of the best types of disposition creation and setting, is actually what made the film October Sky a genuine case of this. The executive of this film, Joe Johnson, shrewdly utilized two lifeless things and made two significant characters in the film, for this situation the imagery utilized is the rocket contrasted with the coal mine(2). This is the exemplary story of a youngster who despite seemingly insurmountable opposition triumphs at long last when he achieves what he set out to do. For this situation the youngster, whose name is Homer Hickam, has a fantasy to manufacture rockets as opposed to going to work in the coal mineshaft with his dad. This appeared to be the fated destiny of all the youngsters around who don't get football grants. Homer didn't acknowledge this destiny and was resolved to make a big deal about himself. His principle foe was not an individual, yet was a thing. The old Coalwood coalmine was his enemy. It resembled a dark opening, which our science has as of late demonstrated to exist, that appeared to trap everybody in its gravity offering little trust in escape. The mine offered life to the town, yet incidentally it likewise removed it. The coal blast of the mid twentieth century had made numerous new towns in the Appalachian Mountains, and it was the soul of that area for some years(3). S hockingly, coal mining was one of the most perilous employments around, and many were harmed and murdered as an immediate outcome. Endless others passed on years after the fact from coal dust inhalation(3). Now in history a significant number of the mines were shutting and the economy of numerous towns like Coalwood were in risk. Henry 2 Homer understood that he needed something different yet didn’t recognize what it was until he saw Sputnik impact over the night sky just because. This made him consider the ...

100 Must-Read Bisexual Books

100 Must-Read Bisexual Books Sponsored by Girls Made of Snow and Glass by Melissa Bashardoust. Entwining the stories of step-mother Mina and step-daughter Lynet, both in the past and present, Girls Made of Snow and Glass traces the relationship of two young women doomed to be rivals from the start. Its Frozen meets The Bloody Chamber in this feminist fantasy reimagining of Snow White. In the LGBTQ acronym, the B is often underrepresented or subsumed under the L or G; bisexual books are no different, which is why I wanted to make this list of must-read bisexual books. (Note: I’m using the word bisexual as a broad, inclusive umbrella term that includes pansexual, sexually fluid, and any other word that means romantically and/or sexually attracted to more than one gender). Tired of trying to find out if the “LGBT” book you want to read actually has any bisexual content?? Wanting to see more non-monosexual experiences reflected in the fiction and non-fiction you read? Check out these bisexual books! They cover a wide variety of genres and formats: YA, memoir, fantasy, science fiction, historical fiction, realism, graphic novels, anthologies, classics, and more! Looking for even more bisexual books? Check out these amazing resources that were super helpful while I was compiling this list: The Bi-Bibliography (an astoundingly thorough index of bisexual books), the Bisexual Book Awards (in its fifth year of giving awards!) and the majestic Bisexual Books Tumblr. For more bisexual YA, have a look at the 100 Must-Read LGBTQIA YA Books that I wrote; for more books about bi women, read Danika’s 100 Must-Read Lesbian and Bi Women Books. Since they are harder to find, books by authors of color have an asterisk (*) beside them and books about bisexual boys, men, genderqueer, and/or trans people have a number sign (#). Enjoy and let me know if I’ve left off any of your favorites in the comments! Children’s Star-Crossed by Barbara Dee To my knowledge, Star-Crossed is the ONLY book for readers under 13 that has an explicitly bisexual young character. While playing Romeo in the school play, middle schooler Mattie discovers she has a crush on the girl playing Juliet even though she’s only ever liked boys before. Classics (Written pre-1970s) Tell Me How Long The Train’s Been Gone by James Baldwin*# This classic of American literature by seminal Black bisexual author James Baldwin is about a bisexual actor named Leo Proudhammer who is nearly felled by a heart attack at the height of his career. As he hovers between life and death, Baldwin shows the choices that have made him enviably famous and terrifyingly vulnerable. Orlando by Virginia Woolf This queer, gender-bending feminist classic by the legendary queer author is all about gender and sexual fluidity. The bisexual main character, Orlando, begins the story in the Renaissance, lives for hundreds of years, and wakes up one morning in the middle of the novel miraculously turned into a woman. It’s also fun to know Woolf intended the book as an extended love letter to her (bisexual) friend and lover Vita Sackville-West. Another Country by James Baldwin*# Black bi author Baldwin was so prolific he gets two titles on this list. Another Country is a masterly story of desire, hatred and violence opens with the unforgettable [bi] character of Rufus Scott, a scavenging Harlem jazz musician adrift in New York. Self-destructive, bad and brilliant, he draws us into a Bohemian underworld pulsing with heat, music and sex, where desperate and dangerous characters betray, love and test each other to the limit. Contemporary / Literary Fiction Black Girl in Paris by Shay Youngblood* This whimsical, improvisational, jazz-like novel is full of musings on art, race, love, and sex as it traces the story of Eden, a 26-year-old Black bisexual woman and aspiring writer who goes to live in Paris after she finishes college. Vow of Celibacy by Erin Judge This is a funny, sexy, fat-positive debut novel. Natalie is the heroine, who’s recently taken a vow of celibacy after a series of dating disasters and emotional roller coasters throughout her twenties. Her plan is to shift through her past and figure out what she’s doing wrong in the dating department and how that might be related to her bisexuality. Corona by Bushra Rehman* The main character is this collection of linked short stories is Razia Mirza, a bisexual Pakistani-American woman from a neighborhood called Corona in Queens, NY. The first stories center on Razia’s experiences in Corona’s tight Muslim community, whereas later the book follows Razia after her rebellion leads to her excommunication and she hits the road to explore the rest of America. Give It To Me by Ana Castillo* Palma Piedras is a recently divorced 43-year-old bisexual Chicana. In this heart-breaking, sexy, and funny book, Palma stumbles through life looking for belonging as she tries to find her way in life in what you could call a bisexual romp across the US. The Life and Death of Sophie Stark by Anna North The Life and Death of Sophie Stark is centered on a woman filmmaker. As each characterâ€"her (ex)-girlfriend, brother, husband, old college crush, and othersâ€"gives their version of Sophie, the charismatic, visionary artist at the heart of the story slowly begins to take shape. But her ruthless dedication to creating the best work of art leads, again and again, to a startling disregard for the loved ones who are the subjects of her films. My Education by Susan Choi* My Education is a beautiful, whirlwind tour of the throes of first love that you think is never going to end. The main character is bisexual grad student Regina, a woman in her early twenties imbued with a ton of contradictory naivety, passion, intelligence, and emotional immaturity. Her all-consuming affair with her professor’s wife Martha, described in Choi’s juicy Victorian-esque writing, roars to life. Holding Still For As Long As Possible by Zoe Whittall No writer has quite captured the community of millennial, white, bike-riding, middle-class background, artsy, educated, FAAB queers quite like Whittall has. This novel about queer twenty-somethings and their relationships is achingly authentic. Featuring a trans guy and two bisexual/queer women! All Inclusive by Farzana Doctor* It’s hard to believe, but All Inclusive is a critical look at all-inclusive resorts, bisexuality, swinging and polyamory, spirituality, death, and terrorism. The main character Amara is a Canadian working at a Mexican all inclusive, where she’s discovered she’s bisexual and enjoys having sex with couples. But Amara is still searching for her true identity, a quest that is connected to the Indian father whose disappearance has never been explained. The Small Backs of Children by Lydia Yuknavitch In a war-torn village in Eastern Europe, an American photographer captures a heart-stopping image: a young girl flying toward the lens, fleeing an explosion. The image becomes a subject of obsession for the photographer’s writer best friend, who has suffered her own devastating tragedy. As the writer plunges into depression, her husband enlists friends, including a fearless bisexual poet, to save her by rescuing the unknown girl. For Sizakele by Yvonne Fly Onakeme Etaghene* Taylor is a bisexual Nigerian college student studying in the US, passionate about social justice and activism, although her relationship with girlfriend Lee is shaky. Into this complicated situation comes Sy, a Cameroonian photographer who has a lot in common with Taylor: shared language, food, and beauty traditions as well as diasporic longing. Their close friendship begins to edge towards romantic love… The Change Room by Karen Connelly Eliza Keenan is the mother of two young sons, the owner of a flower studio that caters to the citys elite, and the loving wife of a deliciously rumpled math professor named Andrew. Then one morning, into this life that is full of satisfactions of all kinds except sexual, comes a young woman Eliza encounters at the pool and nicknames the Amazon… She of the Mountains by Vivek Shraya*# This illustrated novel is a passionate, contemporary love story between a bisexual man and his body as well as a re-imagining of Hindu mythology. Both narratives explore the complexities of embodiment and the damaging effects that policing gender and sexuality can have on the human heart. Fantasy / Paranormal / Magical Realism The Painted Crown by Megan Derr # This Bisexual Book Award winner is a sweeping epic fantasy starring a bisexual main character, Prince Istari, who “has spent his life reviled” but finds “unexpected solace…in the form of Lord Teverem.” Sister Mine by Nalo Hopkinson* Set in Toronto with fantasy elements informed by Afro-Caribbean mythology, this novel stars Makeda, a young woman with a human mom and demi-god dad. She was born conjoined with her twin Abby; their separation has left Abby disabled (she uses crutches) while Makeda hasn’t a drop of celestial mojo (magic). When her father goes missing, Makeda is forced to reconcile with her sister and jump back into the magical world she tried to leave. The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin*# The Fifth Season is an incredibly unique, inventive fantasy with a cast of complex, fascinating people (human and sort-of-human), including bisexual men and women characters. In a world constantly threatened by apocalyptic natural disasters, the people who have the special ability to move the forces beneath the Earthâ€"causing or stopping earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.â€"are both reviled and essential for humanity’s survival. Silver Moon by Catherine Lundoff Silver Moon is about menopausal women werewolves! The main character is Becca Thornton, a divorced woman who’s only dated men up until middle age. She has just come out as bisexual. After discovering she’s a werewolf, Becca realizes she’s not the only one in her situation and joins up as the newest member of a local pack. The Way of Thorn and Thunder series by Daniel Heath Justice* This is the queer, feminist, Indigenous high fantasy you need. The whole narrative is an allegory to colonization in the Americas, but it’s also an action-packed story that totally works on its own. It features Tarsa, a bisexual former warrior whose destiny to be a Wielderâ€"a kind of healer/priestess/witchâ€"and Denarra, a feisty trans woman traveller full of hilarious tall tales, getting shit done “by any means necessary.” The Mirror Empire by Kameron Hurley # On the eve of a recurring catastrophic event known to extinguish nations and reshape continents, a troubled orphan evades death and slavery to uncover her own bloody past…while a world goes to war with itself. Most characters in this epic, unique fantasyâ€"men, women, and genderqueer peopleâ€"are bisexual. Kushiel’s Dart by Jacqueline Carey The first trilogy, of which Kushiel’s Dart is the first novel, centres on bisexual Phèdre, who is “trained equally in the courtly arts and the talents of the bedchamber,” a.k.a. a sex worker. This massive tale is set in a noble world of political intrigue, ripe with a scheming villainess, courtly poets, traitors, you name it. There’s also lots of sex, of the lesbian and kinky variety, in as much detail as the world-building. White is for Witching by Helen Oyeyemi* You also might call this creepy novel horror or gothic. In a vast, mysterious house on the cliffs near Dover, the Silver family is reeling from the hole punched into its heart. All is not well with the house, either, which creaks and grumbles and malignly confuses visitors. Generations of women inhabit its walls. And Miranda, with her new appetite for chalk and her keen sense for spirits, is more attuned to them than anyone living. Borderline by Mishell Baker A year ago, Millie lost her legs and her filmmaking career in a failed suicide attempt. Just when shes sure the credits have rolled on her life story, she gets a second chance with the Arcadia Project: a secret organization that polices the traffic to and from a parallel reality filled with creatures straight out of myth and fairy tales. Everfair by Nisi Shawl* Everfair is a wonderful Neo-Victorian alternate history/steampunk novel that explores the question of what might have come of Belgiums disastrous colonization of the Congo if the native populations had learned about steam technology a bit earlier… Graphic Novels / Memoirs Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo and Me by Ellen Forney A beautiful, vulnerable, and honest memoir about being an artist struggling with mental illness, Marbles is a moving and darkly funny read. It’s also forthcoming about Forney’s bisexuality, which she addresses explicitly throughout the book. Stumptown, Vol 1 by Greg Rucka Dex is the bisexual proprietor of Stumptown Investigations, and a talented P.I. Unfortunately, her recent gambling streak has left her beyond brokeâ€"shes into the Confederated Tribes of the Wind Coast Casino for 18 large. But maybe Dexs luck is about to change. Sue-Lynne, head of the Wind Coast, will clear Dexs debt if she can locate Sue-Lynnes missing granddaughter. But is this job Dexs way out of the hole or a shove down one much much deeper? Dar: A Super Girly Top Secret Diary Comic Diary, Vol 1 by Erika Moen DAR! chronicles Moen’s six year long autobiographical story from being a lost 20-year-old lesbian artist-wannabe in college who falls in love with a boy in England through the evolution that her sexual identity undergoes before winding up marrying him as a queer 26-year-old full-time cartoonist. Along the way there are many vignettes about sex, farts, the queer community, the Brits, and vibrators. Long Red Hair by Meags Fitzgerald Fitzgerald’s graphic memoir is very nostalgically 90s, full of cultural references like Buffy the Vampire Slayer and teen girl sleepover stuff like séances and Bloody Mary. It’s also very funny, thought-provoking, and a bisexual coming out story. Historical Fiction The Color Purple by Alice Walker* This queer Black classic is just a must-read, period, but it’s important to note that it features a bisexual main character, Celie, as she rises above her abusive childhood in rural Georgia in the 1930s and becomes her own person. Hild: A Novel by Nicola Griffith This epic historical novel set in seventh century Britain is a fictionalized account of St Hild of Whitby, a Catholic Saint and the king’s youngest nieceâ€"and in Griffith’s version, bisexual. It investigates all the political goings-on of the time, including the move from Paganism to Christianity and plenty of royal and court intrigue. Miss Timmins’ School for Girls by Nayana Currimbhoy* In 1974, Charulata Apte arrives at Miss Timmins Boarding School for Girls. Shy, sheltered, and running from a scandal that disgraced her Brahmin family, Charu is drawn to the charismatic teacher Moira Prince, who introduces her to pot-smoking hippies, rock ‘n roll, and freedoms she never knew existed. Then one monsoon night, a body is found at the bottom of a cliff. When Charu is implicated in the murder, her real education begins. The Salt Roads by Nalo Hopkinson* This genre-defying novel transports readers across centuries and civilizations as it fearlessly explores women’s relationships. Jeanne Duval, the ginger-colored entertainer, struggles with her lover poet Charles Baudelaire…Mer, plantation slave and doctor, both hungers for and dreads liberation…and Thais, a dark-skinned beauty from Alexandria, is impelled to seek a glorious revelationâ€"as Ezili, a being born of hope, unites them all. The Last Nude by Ellis Avery Paris, 1927. One day in July, a young American named Rafaela Fano gets into the car of a coolly dazzling stranger, the Art Deco painter Tamara de Lempicka. Struggling to halt a downward slide toward prostitution, Rafaela agrees to model for the artist, a dispossessed Saint Petersburg aristocrat with a murky past. The two become lovers, and Rafaela inspires Tamaras most iconic Jazz Age images. Coffee Will Make You Black by April Sinclair* Set on Chicagos Southside in the mid-to-late 60s, Coffee Will Make You Black is the moving and entertaining tale of Jean Stevie Stevenson, a young black woman growing up through the Civil Rights and Black Power movements. April Sinclair writes frankly about a young black womans sexuality, and about the confusion Stevie faces when she realizes shes more attracted to the school nurseâ€"who is whiteâ€"than her teenage boyfriend. The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi*# Karim Amir lives with his English mother and Indian father in the routine comfort of suburban London. Life gets more interesting, however, when his father becomes the Buddha of Suburbia, beguiling a circle of would-be mystics. And when the Buddha falls in love with one of his disciples, the beautiful and brazen Eva, Karim is also falls in love: with Eva’s son Charlie. Memoir / Biography / Personal Stories My Awesome Place: The Autobiography of Cheryl B by Cheryl Burke This Lambda Award winner is a rare authentic glimpse into the electrifying arts scene of New York City’s East Village during the vibrant 1990s. It’s also the chronicle of a movement through the eyes of one young bisexual woman working to cultivate her voice while making peace with her difficult, often abusive, family. Fire Shut Up In My Bones by Charles M Blow*# New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow mines the compelling poetry of his out-of-time African-American Louisiana hometownâ€"a place where slaverys legacy felt astonishingly close and his mother could not protect him from abuse. Finally, Blow escapes to university, where he joins a black fraternity, and then enters a world of privilege that feels like everything hes ever needed, until hes called upon, himself, to become the one perpetuating the shocking abuse. Bi Men: Coming Out Every Which Way edited by Ron Jackson Suresha and Pete Chvany # A rare collection of personal essays exclusively by bisexual men, this book explores what it means for the writers to be bisexual men in a monosexual world that assumes any man attracted to men must be strictly gay. Black Dove: Mama, Mi’jo, and Me by Ana Castillo* Black Dove looks at what it means to be a single, brown, feminist parent in a world of mass incarceration, racial profiling, and police brutality. Through startling humor and love, Castillo weaves intergenerational stories traveling from Mexico City to Chicago, focusing in on her bisexuality and polyamory in one chapter . Bad Dyke: Salacious Stories from a Queer Life by Allison Moon This collection of short memoirs is all about Moon’s life as a “queer woman with a bisexual boyfriend or a bad dykeâ€"an identity she’s settled on after stints as a greedy bisexual and a garden-variety lesbian.” A Cup of Water Under My Bed by Daisy Hernandez* In this lyrical, coming-of-age memoir, Daisy Hernández chronicles what the women in her Cuban-Colombian family taught her about love, money, and race. In turn, she explores her emerging and changing identities: familial, cultural, spiritual, class, (bi)sexual, linguistic, feminist, and more. Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaahumanu*# In this groundbreaking anthology first published in 1991, more than seventy women and men from all walks of life describe their lives as bisexuals in prose, poetry, art, and essays. Despite some dated content, it’s a seminal collection that still deserves to be read! I’m The One That I Want by Margaret Cho* Bisexual comedian Margaret Cho displays her numerous sides in this funny, fierce, and honest memoir. As one of the country’s most visible Asian Americans, she has a unique perspective on identity. As one of the country’s funniest and most quoted personalities, she takes no prisoners. And as a warm and wise woman who has seen the highs and lows of life, she has words of encouragement for anyone who has ever felt like an outsider. Not My Father’s Son by Alan Cumming # It’s a treat to read a memoir by a bisexual person that just casually integrates their sexuality into the story which focuses on another aspect of their life. In this case, Cumming concentrates on his relationship with his abusive father and his adult journey to investigate his heritage. (Amazing in audiobook, read by Cumming in his Scottish accent!) Irrepressible: The Jazz Age Life of Henrietta Bingham by Emily Bingham This Lambda Award winner is about a woman who was raised like a princess in one of the most powerful families in the American South, and was offered the helm of a publishing empire. Instead, she ripped through the Jazz Age like an F. Scott Fitzgerald character: intoxicating and intoxicated, selfish and shameless, seductive and brilliant, endearing and often terribly troubled. Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxanne Gay* A searingly honest memoir of food, weight, self-image, and learning how to feed your hunger while taking care of yourself, Hunger explores queer/bisexual writer Gay’s pastâ€"including the devastating act of violence that acted as a turning point in her young lifeâ€"and brings readers along on her journey to understand and ultimately save herself. Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World edited by Robyn Ochs and Sarah Rawley# This classic bisexual anthology co-edited by hugely important bisexual activist Robyn Ochs features personal stories from a variety of bisexual people of all genders, with attention to the intersectionality of race, class, ethnicity, gender identity, disability and national identity. Featuring writers from 42 different countries! Abandon Me by Melissa Febos* A beautifully written and brutally honest book about losing yourself in love, finding out where you came from (specifically, connecting with her Wampanoag birth father), addiction, and telling your own stories. Febos comes up with wonderful, provocative similes and images and insightful, hard-hitting truths time and again throughout the book. Chronology of Water by Lidia Yuknavitch An incredibly beautifully written memoir that jumps back and worth in time, deconstructing the very concepts of memoir, memory, and time, Chronology of Water features prominently Yuknavitch’s bisexuality. She writes about gender, sexuality, swimming, violence, addiction, grief, as well as the craft of writing itself. Red Azalea by Anchee Min* Red Azalea is Anchee Min’s celebrated beautifully written memoir of growing up in the last years of Mao’s China. As a child, she was asked to publicly humiliate a teacher; at seventeen, she was sent to work at a labor collective. Forbidden to live as she pleased, she found a lifeline in a secret love affair with another woman. Miraculously selected for the film version of one of Madame Mao’s political operas, Min’s life changed overnight. Dear John, I Love Jane: Women Write about Leaving Men for Women edited by Candace Walsh This powerful anthology offers a very wide variety of experiences of queer women, including many on the bisexual spectrum. It’s essentially a collection of personal stories about sexuality and coming out, but none of the narratives are of the “I’ve always known” variety. Rec*Og*Nize: The Voices of Bisexual Men edited by Robyn Ochs and H. Sharif Williams*# A very diverse collection of short fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, personal narratives, critical essays and visual art produced by 61 cisgender and transgender bisexual, pansexual, polysexual and fluid men from the United States, Canada, Chile, India, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Mystery / Thriller Pennance by Claire Ashton Lucy is haunted by the death of her partner, Jake, and lives in fear and reclusion. She lives in a small village in Cornwall, and is surrounded by memories of Jake. She feels intensely guilty about his death and thinks someone is out to get her in retribution. Relief appears to come when a new neighbour, Karen, enters her life, but is that when the real threat begins? My Name is N by Robert Karjel # Ernst Grip, a bisexual Swedish security officer, has no idea why hes been dispatched to New York City, and the FBI agent he meets on arrival seems to know a little too much about him. In the process of uncovering a supposed Swedish citizen prisoners true identity, Grip discovers the mans ties to a group of other suspects. The closer Grip gets to the truth, the more complicated the deception becomes. Rip-Off Red, Girl Detective, and the Burning Bombing of America by Kathy Acker You get three short novels in one edition by this bisexual/queer legendary author. Rip-off Red, whose woman detective main character is bisexual, “reads as a kind of Raymond Chandler for bad girls, as Ackers typical literary playfulness transforms the genre conventions of detective fiction into a book that is simultaneously a mystery and a personal, raunchy, and politically astute account of life in New York City.” Poetry The Horizontal Poet by Jan Steckel Bisexual Jewish poet Steckel writes gorgeous poetry in this Lambda Award-winning collection about ex-partners, her life as a pediatrician, disability activism, her Latvian heritage, and more. The title poem refers to someone’s shocked reaction when Steckle requested to be able to lie down for a poetry reading, as if it were the strangest thing ever. The Golden Gate by Vikram Seth*# You might not believe this description, but The Golden Gate is a twentieth century novel written in verse set in 1980s San Francisco. Focused on a group of friends and their various relationship dramas, it features a bisexual man and is just an all-out delight, imbued with Seth’s sheer talent and old-fashioned joyful approach to poetry. Mouth to Mouth by Abigail Child A Lambda Award winner, Mouth to Mouth spans the past two decades, focusing on a series of romantic and sexual relationships with women and men. From inside the sexual whirlwind of these relations and after, Childs attention to language as embodied material highlights how mediated and multiple layers of desire can be just as thrilling and physical on the page. Romance Call Me By Your Name by André Aciman # Calle Me By Your Name is “the story of a sudden and powerful romance that blossoms between an adolescent boy and a summer guest at his parents cliff-side mansion on the Italian Riviera.” Both bisexual men characters are also Jewish! Out on Good Behavior by Dahlia Adler In this new adult romance, pansexual Frankie Bellisario knows she can get anyone she sets her sights on. But that doesnt mean she shouldâ€"not when the person shes eyeing is Samara Kazarian, the daughter of a Republican mayor. But when Frankie learns shes been on Samaras mind too, the idea of hooking up with her grows too strong to resist. Only Sams not looking for a hookup; she wantsâ€"needsâ€"the real thing. Best Bi Short Stories edited by Sheela Lambert # This diverse anthology also contains fantasy, erotica, contemporary fiction, and science fiction as well as romance stories, and it also features authors of diverse ethnicities and genders. The authors include Jane Rule, Deborah Miranda, Katherine Forrest, Rob Barton, Jan Steckel, and more! Science Fiction Marrow Island by Alexis M. Smith Twenty years ago Lucie Bowen left Marrow Island; along with her mother, she fled the aftermath of an earthquake. Now, Lucie’s childhood friend Kate is living within a mysterious group called Marrow Colony. There have been remarkable changes to the land at the colony’s homestead. But Lucie’s experience as a journalist tells her there’s more to the Colonyâ€"and their charismatic leaderâ€"than they want her to know… The Fifth Sacred Thing by Starhawk # In this pagan ecofeminist science fiction series, bisexuality and polyamory are the norm; thus it stars several bisexual main characters, men and women. I’ve Got a Time Bomb by Sybil Lamb # I’m calling this science fiction, but what it really is a genre-defying book of honest-to-god genius. The novel chronicles the futuristic, surreal adventures of Sybil, a bisexual trans woman as she travels the US “living among the loners, losers, and leave-behinds in the dark corners of Amerika.” Theory Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive by Julia Serano # A trans feminist activist who’s also bisexual, Julia Serano addresses the exclusion of femmes, bisexual people, and trans people in queer and feminist movements in this accessible, readable non-fiction book. Some of Us Did Not Die by June Jordan* This collection of essays is a rich sampling of the late Black bisexual poet June Jordans prose writings. They reveal Jordan as an incisive analyst of the personal and public costs of remaining committed to the ideal and practice of democracy. Willing to venture into the most painful contradictions of American culture and politics, Jordan comes back with lyrical honesty, wit, and wide-ranging intelligence in these accounts of her reckoning with life as a teacher, poet, activist, and citizen. Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire by Lisa Diamond This original book offers a radical new understanding of the context-dependent nature of female sexuality. Lisa Diamond argues that for some women, love and desire are not rigidly heterosexual or homosexual but fluid, changing as women move through the stages of life, various social groups, and, most important, different love relationships. Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution by Shiri Eisner* Bi takes a comprehensive look at bisexual politicsâ€"from the issues surrounding biphobia/monosexism, feminism, and transgenderism to the practice of labeling those who identify as bi as either too bisexual” (promiscuous and incapable of fidelity) or not bisexual enough” (ie, not having enough gender variety in who they date). Eisner highlights how bisexuality can open up new and exciting ways of challenging social convention. YA Science Fiction and Fantasy Coda by Emma Trevayne # Coda is a fast-paced science fiction dystopia is about an 18-year-old bisexual guy named Anthem. This is a well-written story is about a corporate technologically driven society where music is used to control the population and Anthem has music flowing in his veins. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Córdova* This detailed Latinx fantasy is the first book in a series is about Alex, a bisexual bruja who doesn’t actually want to be a witch. When her spell to rid herself of her powers backfires, she has to travel to Los Lagos, a strange, dangerous limbo land. Not Your Sidekick by C.B. Lee* This superhero story set in the future features bisexual Chinese-Vietnamese heroine Jessica who doesn’t actually have any superpowers despite her heroic lineage. When she gets an internship with a local villain, she gets to work with her secret crush, with whom she discovers a plot bigger than the heroes and villains put together. Hold by Rachel Davidson Leigh # Luke Aday knew that his sister’s death was imminent but that didn’t make her death any easier. He returns to school a different person. But when a charismatic new student, Eddie Sankawulo, tries to welcome Luke to his own school, something life-changing happens: Luke Aday discovers that he can stop time. This novel gets bonus points for actually using the word bisexual on the page! The Scorpion Rules by Erin Bow 17-year-old Greta is a duchess and crown princessâ€"and a hostage to peace. This is how the game is played: if you want to rule, you must give one of your children as a hostage. Go to war and your hostage dies. Otherbound by Corinne Duyvis Otherbound is a fantasy page-turner starring bisexual character Amara, who is never alone. Not when shes protecting the cursed princess she unwillingly serves. She cant be alone, because a boy Nolan from another world experiences all that alongside her, looking through her eyes. Adaptation by Malinda Lo* Adaptation is a fast-paced sci fi thriller that is also about a bisexual love triangle! Reese is the bi main character she’s dealing with an X-Files-esque alien conspiracy situation with a new mysterious girl and her debate team partner. More Happy Than Not by Adam Silvera*# A science fiction book that speaks directly to gay conversion camps, More Happy Than Not is about 16-year-old Aaron, who is recovering from his father’s suicide with the help of his mom and girlfriend who he loves. When he meets Thomas and starts to have feelings for him, he considers having a procedure to get rid of the desire. The Summer Prince by Alaya Dawn Johnson*# In the midst of the lush city in futuristic Brazil, shimmering with tech and tradition, June Costa creates art. But her dreams of fame become something more when she meets Enki, who the whole city falls in love with. Together, with a cast of all POC and multiple bisexual characters, June and Enki will make art and rebel. Mooncakes Issue One by Suzanne Walker and Wendy Xu*# Long-lost childhood crushes Nova Huang and Tam Lang have reunited for the first time in ten years. They have a lot more to deal with this time than just being the only two Asian kids in school (who also happen to both have magical abilities). They also struggle through bills, family, and weird horse demons in ways that only a witch and a werewolf can. Also a webcomic! Pantomime by Laura Lam # The first in a trilogy, Pantomime is a lovely magical historical novel set in a circus in the 19th century. The main character is intersex, bisexual, and genderqueer! Wild Beauty by Anna-Marie McLemore* This magical realist story centers on the Nomeolvides women. When a strange boy appears in their garden La Pradera, he is a mystery to Estrella, the Nomeolvides girl who finds him, but he’s even more a mystery to himself. As Estrella tries to help Fel piece together his unknown past, La Pradera leads them to secrets as dangerous as they are magical in this stunning exploration of love, loss, and family. In Other Lands by Sarah Rees Brennan # Sometimes it’s not the kid you expect who falls through to magicland, sometimes it’s…Elliot. He’s grumpy, nerdy, and appalled by both the dearth of technology and the levels of fitness involved in swinging swords around. He’s a little enchanted by the elves and mermaids. Despite his aversion to war, work, and most people (human or otherwise) he finds that two unlikely ideas, friendship and world peace, may actually be possible. YA Contemporary and Historical Ramona Blue by Julie Murphy Ramona is sure of three things: she likes girls, she’s fiercely devoted to her family, and she knows she’s destined for something bigger than the trailer she calls home in Eulogy, Mississippi. As Ramona falls back in love with swimming, her feelings for returned childhood friend Freddie begin to shift, too, which is the last thing she expected. A + E 4ever by Iike Merey # This comic about two queer youth who bond over their shared outsiderness, A + E 4ever features a cisgender and genderqueer character who are both bisexual. Asher Machnik is a teenage boy cursed with a beautiful androgynous face. Art remains his only escape from an otherwise emotionally empty life. Eulalie Mason is the lonely, tough-talking dyke from school who befriends Ash. The Gentleman’s Guide to Vice and Virtue by Mackenzi Lee # Who’s not interested in a fun 18th century romp featuring a young bisexual British Lord? Monty has gotten to the age where he’s supposed to settle down and be a gentleman, but not before he goes on one last adventures with his BFF Percy. Boyfriends with Girlfriends by Alex Sanchez*# This novel is about a group of teens all exploring their sexual identities. Sergio is bi, but is dating his first boyfriend Lance who’s gay and feeling insecure about Sergio’s identity. Allie has always thought she was straight but when she meets lesbian Kimiko she starts to question her identity. Not Otherwise Specified by Hannah Moskowitz Etta is tired of dealing with the labels: not gay enough for the Dykes, her ex-clique, thanks to being bi; not tiny and white enough for ballet; and not sick enough to look anorexic (partially thanks to recovery). Etta doesn’t fit anywhereâ€"until she meets Bianca, the straight, white, Christian, and seriously sick girl in her therapy group. Little and Lion by Brandy Colbert* When Suzette comes home to LA from boarding school on the east coast and tries to settle into her old life, she ends up supporting her stepbrother Lionel who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder and falling in love…with the same girl Lionel loves. Yay for a Black, bisexual, Jewish main character! Noteworthy by Riley Redgate* Who wouldn’t want to read about a bisexual Asian-American girl who goes undercover to infiltrate an all-male, historically elite a cappella group called the Sharps? It turns out that Jordan Sun, Tenor 1, is exactly what the Sharps are looking for. Like Water by Rebecca Podos* In this literary YA novel of identity, millennial anxiety, and first love, Savannah Espinoza lives in a small New Mexico town, where she’s stuck caring for her dad who has Huntington’s disease. That changes the day she meets Leigh. Pink by Lili Wilkinson A smart novel about internalized biphobia, Pink is about Ava Simpson, who is trying on a whole new image. Stripping the black dye from her hair, she heads off to a new school, leaves her girlfriend behind, and tries to fit in with the preppy kids. Eventually Ava starts to notice that her shiny reinvented life is far more fragile than she imagined. Grasshopper Jungle by Andrew Smith # 16-year-old bisexual teen Austin Szerba interweaves the story of his Polish legacy with the story of how he and his best friend, Robby, brought about the end of humanity and the rise of an army of unstoppable, six-foot tall praying mantises in small-town Iowa. How to Make a Wish by Ashley Herring Blake All 17-year-old Grace Glasser wants is her own life, but her attempts to lay low until she graduates are disrupted when she meets Eva, a girl with her own share of ghosts she’s trying to outrun. Far From You by Tess Sharpe Nine months. Two weeks. Six days. Thats how long recovering addict Sophies been drug-free. Four months ago her best friend, Mina, died in what everyone believes was a drug deal gone wrongâ€"a deal they think Sophie set up. Only Sophie knows the truth. Autoboyography by Christina Lauren # Two boys fall in love in a writing classâ€"one from a progressive family and who is openly bisexual and the other from a conservative religious community. Three years ago, Tanner Scott’s family relocated from California to Utah; he wasn’t expecting to fall in love with Sebastian Brother, a Mormon writing prodigy. Empress of the World by Sara Ryan A classic bisexual YA book originally published in 2001, Empress of the World is about falling in love with a girl for the first time and making awesome new friends at summer camp. About a Girl by Sarah McCarry Eighteen-year-old Tally is one of those people who’s really sure about everything in her life, so she’s totally blindsided when a sudden discovery leads her on a journey where she meets Maddy, an enigmatic and beautiful girl who will unlock the door to her future. Queens of Geek by Jen Wilde If you love bisexual characters who actually use the word bisexual, queer characters of color dating each other, geekiness, fan conventions, and realistic but cute love stories, this book is for you. Our Own Private Universe by Robin Talley 15-year-old Aki Simon knows she’s bisexual, even if so far it’s been hypothetical. Along with her queer BFF Lori, Aki sets off on a summer trip where she meets the slightly older, more experienced Christa… Save

Essay about Repression of the Native American Society

Intro: Ever since the first white settlers arrived at America in 1492, the Native American population has been seen as a minority. People who weren’t as good as the new â€Å"white† settlers and unfit to live the new found land of America. As America expanded westward with the Louisiana Purchase and war with Mexico that ceded the south west to the U.S. as a result of the treaty of the 1803 Guadaplupe-Hildago Treaty, white settlers continued to move westward. They found rich fertile land, but there was a problem. The land they so desperately wanted was already occupied by Native Americans. The stage was set of inevitable conflict as a full out war between the U.S. government and natives then ensued. Some tribes fought back, like the Sauk, Fox,†¦show more content†¦While the Chicksaw Indians were being forcibly removed by soldiers from orders by Jackson in 1832, the Cherokee took one final stand by appealing to the U.S. government for the rights to their land and recieve just treatment through the U.S. legal system. â€Å"Chief Justice Marshall refused to rule on the first case the Cherokee brouht against the state of Georgia, though, because in his view the Cherokee Nation had no federal standing; it was neither a foreign nation nor a state, but rather a â€Å"domestic dependent nation.† (The Americans 228) But the Cherokee would not In Worchester v. Georgia (1832) the Cherokee nation won recognition as a distinct political community and granted the rights to their land by the Supreme Court. Finally the Cherokee had believed that they had won. They thought that no Georgian settler could take their land from them. But President Jackson had it in his mind that the Cherokee were the last thing that kept him from his dream of what America would be. A land for and ruled by the white population. Jackson ignored the court ruling, saying, â€Å"John Marshall had made his decision; now let him enforce it.† (The Americans, 228). But the Judiciary branch was not put in place to carry out laws, simply to just interpret them. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed, declaring the the last 8 million acres of Cherokee land would be given to the federal government in exchange for 5 million dollars and land inShow MoreRelatedNative American Education Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesNative American Education Through the years minority groups have long endured repression, poverty, and discrimination. A prime example of such a group is the Native Americans. They had their own land and fundamental way of life stripped from them almost unceasingly for decades. Although they were the real â€Å"natives† of the land, they were driven off by the government and coerced to assimilate to the white man’s way. Unfortunately, the persecution of the Natives was primarily based on the prevalentRead MoreNative American Education Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups have long endured repression, poverty, and discrimination. A prime example of such a group is the Native Americans. They had their own land and basic way of life stripped from them almost constantly for decades. Although they were the actual â€Å"natives† of the land, they were forced by the government to give it up and compelled to assimilate to the white man’s way. This past scarred the Native American’ s preservation of culture as many were discouraged to speak the native language and dress inRead MoreCultural Taboos : Native Hawaiian1330 Words   |  6 Pages Professor Aldredge Human Services 360 11 October 2016 Cultural Taboos: Native Hawaiian Cultural/Ethnic groups are what make up this great world. In this paper, I will be writing about Native Hawaiians. The depth and knowledge in which I had about the Native Hawaiian before this paper, was very limited, but in my research I found a wide variety of information regarding this cultural group. It is a very complex andRead MoreSympathy And Empathy For The Murderer954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Murderer The story of Native Son by Richard Wright is one of the greatest pieces of literature which functioned as a massive wake-up call for the American public. According to Irving Howe, when [t]he day Native Son appeared, American culture was changed forever. Native Son was written at a time when blacks were stereotyped as brutal and uncivilized. Wright depicts his community’s suffering, poverty and denial of rightful recognition in his works. Wright’s Native Son not only represents historyRead MoreNative Americans and Their Intrinsic Relationship with Western Films950 Words   |  4 Pagesfabric of this countrys past. The media has created a false image of the relationship between Native Americans and White men to suppress the cruel and unfortunate reality. Both directors wanted to contradict these stereotypes, but due to the time period the films were created, only one film was successful. Unlike The Searchers, Dancing With Wolves presents a truly realistic representation of Native Americans. Both Dances With Wolves and The Searchers protagonists, Dunbar and Ethan, embark on a journeyRead More Comparison of Kate Chopins Story of an Hour and William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way women are treated in some relationships and in society as well. Her concern with womens place in society and in marriage, her refusal mix guilt with sexualityÂ…(Oklopcic 29). A late eighteen hundreds were a rough time for women and there were not the options like divorce that is available now. Through Mrs. Mallard, we could see the social repression that women felt at that time. Therefore, in this story there is so much repression, Chopin said They were locked into marriages that probablyRead MoreAmerican Indian Movement Essay3074 Words   |  13 PagesAmerican Indian Movement: Activism and Repression Native Americans have felt distress from societal and governmental interactions for hundreds of years. American Indian protests against these pressures date back to the colonial period. Broken treaties, removal policies, acculturation, and assimilation have scarred the indigenous societies of the United States. These policies and the continued oppression of the native communities produced an atmosphere of heightened tension. Governmental pressureRead More NELSON MANDELA Essays619 Words   |  3 Pages Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela is an African American leader who fought for the rights of his people. Through trials and tribulations he stood his ground and kept on fighting. Nelson was a born leader and utilized his talents at an early age. When he was younger he used to take care of his family and make sure everything went right through all the injustice that society bestowed onto his people. Throughout his life Nelson Mandela watched as his people were mistreated and with this in mind he decidedRead More American Indian Movement: Activism and Repression Essay3016 Words   |  13 PagesAmerican Indian Movement: Activism and Repression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans have felt distress from societal and governmental interactions for hundreds of years. American Indian protests against these pressures date back to the colonial period. Broken treaties, removal policies, acculturation, and assimilation have scarred the indigenous societies of the United States. These policies and the continued oppression of the native communities produced an atmosphere of heightened tension. GovernmentalRead MoreWhy Do Governments Participate During Ethnocide And How Can Removing One s Cultural Identity Harm Society As A Whole1728 Words   |  7 PagesWhy do governments participate in ethnocide and how can removing one’s cultural identity harm society as a whole? The use of subjugation as a first world government says that peace is not fully possible within that society. Institutionalized racism in Canada has been a hot topic recently due to the presence and organized events of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Ca nada, raising awareness for the 150,000 aboriginal Canadians who were forced into enrolling in â€Å"residential schools† that removed

The Human Function Argument Essay - 1990 Words

The Human Function Argument Aristotle argues that the human function is activity of the soul that expresses or requires reason. This argument is found in Nicomachean Ethics approximately between Bekker lines 1097b24 and 1098a9. 1. Humans must have a function, or else they would be idle, which is absurd. Aristotle directly asks the reader if humans might have no important overall function other than a chosen occupation in society but suggests that this would not be expected of nature. Terence Irwin used the word idle in his 1985 translation when phrasing this disjunct of Aristotle?s question. 2. Each human body part has a function, so the whole human must likewise have a function. This premise appears parallel to Aristotle?s†¦show more content†¦Aristotle presents a short analysis of the rational part of the soul, dividing it into two parts, a part that uses reason and a part that obeys reason. He sees life as supported by activity and not just the capacity to do something. 8. Therefore, the human function is activity of the part of the soul that expresses or requires reason. In seeking the human function, Aristotle has first shown that there is a human function (1 and 2) and narrowed down the human features that may be a function (3 through 7) before reaching his conclusion (8). Aristotle has formulated an economical and clear argument, but the passage that contains it fails to connect all the premises to other parts of the text to lend them supporting arguments. Aristotle extended his approach of starting from what is commonly believed to even this human function argument which is crucial to the whole work. As a result, many readers may be left unconvinced. The third, fourth, and fifth premises comprise a major questionable area. The third premise, The human function is unique to only humans themselves, was indirectly introduced as a goal in what Aristotle was looking for in terms of a function, without explanation of why the human function must be unique. Does Aristotle think in unsupported anthropocentric terms and feel it was not questionable to ascribe a special function to humans? Or does Aristotle have an ecological view and think that everyShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Argument For The Function Of Man1585 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivates all of man’s endeavors (function), in that happiness â€Å"is in itself worthy of pursuit more final than that which is worthy of pursuit for the sake of something else†¦ is always desirable in itself and never for the sake of something else.† (NE 1.7, 1097a 32-34) What is interesting to note here, is that in this sense, happiness, rather than a mental state of the mind, is percei ved as a good; happiness is something that serves an end – in other words, the goal of a function. If happiness is the ultimateRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Searle s Chinese Room 1487 Words   |  6 Pagesindistinguishable human intelligence or behaviour. John Searle attempts to disprove the theory of the Turing Test through his Chinese Room thought experiment. In this experiment, Searle proposes that a man unwittingly communicates to a native speaker through the use of a program. Searle presents the prepositions that artificial intelligence is solely syntactic and do not constitute conscious â€Å"intention†- that the man in the room did not display knowledge yet communicates through rules and functions. ThroughRead MoreAristotle s The Best Benefits For Human Beings946 Words   |  4 Pageseverything has its own function, including human beings. By fulfilling that function in an excellent way, one can achieve Eudaimonia. The idea later becomes to be known as the Er gon argument. This paper is intending to argue for the ergon argument. Aristotle enquires the best benefits for human beings. First, he starts by saying that everything in natures has its own function. For example: the hammer’s function is to hammer the nail, or a tree’s function is to grow effectively. Human being is not an exceptionRead MoreAristotle Function Argument Essay737 Words   |  3 Pageshighest-state of human happiness. A significant argument Aristotle proposes is the function argument, which aims to demonstrate that humans have a unique function that differs from all other living beings. In effect, this essay aims to explain Aristotle’s function argument, give a critique of his conclusion, then offer a possible Aristotelian response. Firstly, Aristotle proposes in our pursuit to attaining the highest good, a concept that must be understood is what the function of a human is (1097b,Read MoreI Am The Inventor Of A Special New Robot1124 Words   |  5 PagesI disagree with this statement because of two reasons: The function of machines, and the functions of minds. Argument 1 Machines are â€Å"an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task†. In this aspect, the only difference in humans and machines in terms of function is the fact that the purpose for a machine may vary and the purpose for humans (biologically) is to grow, reproduce, and spread but variesRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Morality1673 Words   |  7 PagesI.2, 1094b). On an individual basis, the distinct human function has no significant moral role. However, when practicality is stressed over theory, the moral significance of that distinct function becomes more integral. Aristotle’s account of the highest good in Book I of Nichomachean Ethics concerns the the general desire for happiness: it serves as a guide for a political leader, not a layout for individual morality. Thus, the distinct human capacity is morally significant insofar as it acts thoughRead MoreThe Human Function as It Pertains to Happiness Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Function as it Pertains to Happiness Humans have a function, according to Aristotle, and so it would follow that fulfilling that function makes us happy. Before we can establish that fulfilment of purpose results in happiness, we must first establish what the human function actually is, and also what constitutes good and happiness for humans. Aristotle’s arguments for happiness and human purpose help to provide answers to these questions, though as with all philosophical topics there areRead MoreTeleological Arguments Essay849 Words   |  4 Pages The argument from design or the teleological argument points to the existence of order and direction in nature to a kind of purpose. The argument essentially proves the existence of God. A designer must exist because the universe and living things exhibit marks of design in their complexity. Design-type arguments are unproblematic when based upon things nature plainly could not or would not produce, like human artifacts. If designs entail a designer, and the universe shows marks of design, thenRead MoreThe Internet Makes Us Shallow1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe human brain, both physically and functionally. He claims that the internet is probably the â€Å"most powerful mind-altering technology that has ever come into general use† and that because we have become so accustomed to using it, we have been subject to its effects on our cognition and comprehensive depth (Carr 116). The Internet has become an essential part of society without which we seemingly can’t function; although, because of it, our functionality has suffered. Throughout his argument, CarrRead MoreThe Soul Is The Unifying Principle850 Words   |  4 PagesSomeone who believes and views human nature in that the soul is the unifying principle is said to be holomorphic. One of those philosophers is Thomas Aquinas. In Aquinas’ argument, he states that the soul is part of the body and that it requires it in its everyday needs. The premise that he sets forth is â€Å"Since the soul is united to the body as its form, it must necessarily be in the whole body, and in each part thereof.† The soul is the function that drives the body to move and think. Without it

Kepimpinan Free Essays

string(167) " some people to influence the members\? attitudes and behaviors in order to be able to achieve the objectives of the organization† \(Adlouni and Sweidan 2000: 18\)\." Educational Leadership: An Islamic Perspective Dr. Walid Ahmad Masa’dah, Department of Islamic Studies, College of Shari’ah and Islamic Studies,Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan And Dr. Ali Mohammad Jubran, Department of Islamic Studies, College of Shari’ah and Islamic Studies,Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan ABSTRACT This paper aimes to identify the main features of educational leadership from an Islamic perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Kepimpinan or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is an attempt to contribute to the development and understanding of educational leadership in Islamic institutions. This will give a better understanding of organizational effectiveness and provide guidelines for leaders of Islamic educational institutions in order to achieve their Islamic managerial objectives successfully. This paper discusses the Islamic thought on educational leadership. It managed to highlight both early and contemporary ideas on Islamic leadership. For that, ideas of Ibn Taymiya, Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, Al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldoun as well as ideas of some contemporary scholars of educational leadership were analyzed. It also highlighted the main roles of educational leadership in Islam such as the visionary leader, the servant leader, the leader as a guide, the influential leader and the educative leader as well as styles of educational leadership in Islam such as Brotherhood Leadership, Collaborative Leadership, Shuratic or Consultative Leadership and Supportive Leadership. The definition of educational leadership in Islam was analyzed at the beginning of the paper. Finally, the paper came up with few suggestions and recommendations for the Muslim educational leaders, managers and researchers. Keywords: educational leadership, roles of educational leadership, styles of educational leadership Introduction This research discusses the main features of educational leadership from an Islamic perspective. It will be an attempt to contribute to the development and understanding of educational leadership in Islamic educational institutions. This will give a better understanding of organizational effectiveness and provide guidelines for principals of Islamic schools in order to achieve their Islamic educational objectives successfully. 1 Aimes of the Research This research aimes to identify the Islamic model of educational leadership. It highlights both early and contemporary ideas on Islamic leadership. It also highlights the main roles and styles of educational leadership in Islam. The definition of leadership in Islam is analyzed at the beginning of the research. Leadership from an Islamic Perspective: An Introduction Leadership in Islam is a responsibility and a trust that leaders feel when they deal with their followers. It is considered as a part of worshipping Allah (s. . t). Leadership in Islam is to serve the members of the organization, the community and the society at large, that is, directing and guiding people to what is good in this world and the Hereafter. Understanding leadership from an Islamic perspective is an important need today. The Muslim Ummah should have its own views and theories of whatever is necessary for Muslims. Islamic resources and history are rich in ideas and examples, that may be u sed as the formations for the Islamic theoretical framework of leadership and other subjects. Muslims also are â€Å"beginning to invest heavily in education and knowledge management, and the results are tangible† (Beekun and Badawi, 1999: viii). This requires great efforts towards understanding the issue of education and other related subjects. In addition, the ethical and moral system that is considered as the core of the Islamic framework of leadership is becoming an emphasis of the western perspective of the topic (Gardner, 1990: 67- 80; Paine 1997: 3; Spitzer, 2000: 203- 244; Murphy and Shipman, 2000: 99; Sergiovanni, 2001: 103). This further fuels the need for investigating the topic of leadership more precisely from an Islamic perspective. 2 Because of the limited scholarly development on leadership from an Islamic perspective, the researchers will often refer directly to the Qur? anic verses and the traditions of the Prophet as the primary sources of the Islamic thought. In addition, contributions of the early and contemporary Muslim scholars in the concerned field will be examined. The objective of this investigation is an attempt to understand the term of leadership more precisely and try to come up with a framework for Islamic leadership. Definition of Leadership in Islam Early Muslim scholars used words such as wilaya, Imamah and Khilafah to mean leadership. Ibn Taymiya (661-728 AH) defined wilaya as â€Å"maintaining the religion of the people such that if it is lost, they will be the losers, and maintaining a life that will assist people to understand their religion. † (1992: 11). Al-Mawardi (957-1058) looked at Imamah in the context of â€Å"the guarding of the religion and life. It is an obligatory system for all Muslims because without it, people will be living in darkness and religion will not be guarded. (quoted in Basbous 1988: 47 and al-Wakeel 1988: 22). On this matter Allah (s. w. t) has said in the Qur? an about Prophet Abraham (a. s): â€Å"And remember that Abraham (a. s. ) was tried by his Lord with certain commands, which he fulfilled, He said: I will make thee an Imam to the people. † (Qur? an 2: 124). In his commentary on this verse, Ali (1985) explained that â€Å"Imam means the prim ary sense of being foremost: hence it may mean leader in religion or leader in congregational prayer or model, pattern and example. † (p. 50). Therefore, one of the meanings of Imamah is leadership. According to Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 AC), Khilafa means â€Å"to assist people to live in accordance with the Islamic rules as a guidance for their interests in this world and in the Hereafter. It is the vicegerent duty on behalf of Allah (s. w. t) to guard the religion and to manage life. † (Ibn Khaldun, 1979: 179). With regard to the term †leadership†, the Arabic dictionary of Al-Mo? jam Al-Waseet defined „to lead? as â€Å"to head a group while being in front† (Mustafa et al. 1989: 765). Therefore, leaders always come in front of their members and organization, and are the first. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language in the same way defined to lead as â€Å"to guide or direct in a course, or to go first as a guide. † (Morris, 1981: 719). Leadership in Islam according to some writers could be â€Å"the bridge used by some people to influence the members? attitudes and behaviors in order to be able to achieve the objectives of the organization† (Adlouni and Sweidan 2000: 18). You read "Kepimpinan" in category "Essay examples" According to this definition, the influential role of the leadership is the most important one as leaders can enable people to do the right job. Some scholars tend to connect the term of leadership with the importance of having a vision. They believe that good leadership is one that can come up with a clear vision and thus be able to transfer such vision to the members. For example, Murad Khurram defined leadership as â€Å"the ability to see beyond assumed boundaries, and to come up with solutions or paths that few can visualize. The leader must then project this vision for every one to see and pursue† (quoted in Beekun and Badawi. 1999: 5- 6). 4 Leadership could be defined as â€Å"the process of moving people in a planned direction by motivating them to act through noncompulsive means† (al-Talib, 1992: 50). This definition emphasized the leader? s role in moving his or her organization? s members towards the achievement of the common objectives. This means that leaders should not only direct people to do the job but to help them move by motivating them in a way that will encourage them to have a productive attitude towards work. In another way, leadership could also be defined as the â€Å"art of influencing and directing others towards a common objective in a way that leaders will gain their members? trust, respect, cooperation and sincere obedience† (Basbous 1988: 28). It should be noted here that such definitions consider leadership as an art that requires several skills in understanding others and dealing with them wisely. It emphasizes both the direction and influential roles of leadership. Similarly, Beekun and Badawi have defined leadership as â€Å"the process of directing and influencing organization members so that they will take ownership of organizational activities and programs† (1999: 132). Al-Talib (1992) once again stressing that leadership is â€Å"a process of influencing others† (p. 50). However, leadership in Islam has a unique role – that is guiding people to what is good in this world and the Hereafter. This means that leadership does not only deal with the mere objectives of the organization in the context of its daily work. The objectives of any organization must be connected with the religion? s objectives. Therefore, leadership has a new dimension – which is the connection with the religion and the Creator. In this way, a Muslim leader will understand that his or her role is to guide people, not only to achieve the mission of the organization, but also to raise them higher than that and connect them with the highest goal of existence as a human being. It should be clear to everybody that worshipping Allah (s. w. t) is the main goal for all Muslims. Leadership in this way, should be understood as â€Å"a kind of worship† (al-Nahwi, 1999: 36). Therefore, leadership is a guiding process more than a directing one. Leadership in this context co uld be the process of guiding and influencing the members of the organization so that they will display initiative and love for the work that they do as a kind of worship towards achieving the common objectives of the organization. By doing so, leaders and members will be able to attain happiness in both worlds. Early Ideas on Islamic Leadership Early Islamic thought has contributed significantly to the field of leadership. Muslim scholars and specialists laid the basis for this science that in turn became the basic elements of leadership in the Islamic state and the managing of society? s affairs. Their contributions to humanity in this respect have become a prominent and important element at the present time. One of the earliest scholars who touched upon the topic of leadership was Ibn Taymiyah (661-728 AH). He emphasized in his book Assiyasah Ashari’yah Fi Islah Arrai’ Warrai’yah [The Shari’at Politics], the reform of the Islamic government and leadership. Ibn Taymiyah stated the following necessary characteristics for leaders to be able to lead. These are: trustworthiness, a strong personal character, to be qualified, to be experienced, adherence to Islamic commands and an ability to carry out responsibilities (Ibn Taymiyah 1988: 20- 21). He emphasized also some leadership principles to be taken into consideration by government leaders. These are: responsibility, trust and Shura (consultation) (Ibid. 17). According to Ibn Taymiyah, 6 Shura is recommended for two reasons. First, it will create familiarity and amicable relations among the state subjects. Second, shura will create positive social interaction that will improve the state? s performance (Ibid. : 17). Ibn Taimiyah further investigated leadership in his second book Risalatul Hisbah WalHukomah Al-Isl amiyah [Al-Hisbah and the Responsibility of the Islamic Government]. He discussed leadership control as a tool to preserve the legacy of the Islamic state and to redirect personal and governmental actions towards the right direction. The leadership control is used to contribute effectively to the developmental process of the state. Later, al-Qalqashandi (756-821 AH) concerned himself with leadership functions, particularly with the offices of civil administration (kuttab). His well organized book Subh Al-A’sha Fi Sina’t Al-Insha [The Night-Blind’s Morning] is a useful textbook in the field of adminstative secretarial functions. The book contains preparatory office work, procedures, organization, responsibilities, requirements and means of communication between different government circles. Al-Qalqashandi described in detail the characteristics of the executive officer as a leader which includes personal, physical, professional and social characters (al-Qalqashandi 1963: 61- 67). Moreover, al-Qalqashandi developed an organizational structure for the leadership office and explained the responsibilities of each bearer (Ibid. : 101-139). Later, al-Farabi (872-950) concerned himself with proper leadership, a leadership that will be able to establish the virtuous state or „the city of excellence? – as he called it and will bring happiness to the people. He was also concerned with the characteristics 7 of the Muslim leader. Al-Farabi in his book Ara’ Ahl Al-Madinah Al-Fadilah [Opinions of Dwellers of the City of Excellence], pointed out the characteristics of the rightly guided leaders. According to him, they should be intelligent, full of wisdom, possess complementary characters in terms of their physical and mental abilities, ideal and longsighted policy makers (al-Farabi 1985: 127-130). He emphasized that a leader and those who are working with him should show excellent behavior in order to achieve the ideal goals and ambitions of the society. Al-Farabi further focused on the importance of having strong relationships among all members of the city of excellence and between all organizations. He argued the members of the city of excellence must be able to cooperate and support each other. All dwellers should aim at achieving happiness for all. Al-Mawardi (957-1058) addressed the leadership system of the government. He looked at the government as a leader of the society and organizer of its activities. According to al-Mawardi, the leader is fully responsible for the prosperity of the society and ought to manage its various affairs effectively. The contents of his well-organized book, Al-Ahkam Assultaniyah Wal-Wilayat Addiniyah Fil-Idarah Al-Hukoumiyah [The Sultanic Rules] discusses the leadership system of the government and its fundamentals, and the leadership obligations of the head of state at regional, local and central levels. The book also contains recommendations regarding methods and techniques necessary for organizing government activities throughout different departments and circles. Moreover, alMawardi highlights some principles of leadership such as justice, hierarchy of leadership, qualification, worthiness in employment and specialization (al-Mawardi 1983: 20). From a psychological point of view, al-Ghazali (1058-1111) – a well-known Islamic scholar – focused on studying the behavior of the Muslim leaders. He was concerned with the leadership of the citizens, society and Muslim affairs. In his valuable book in the field of leadership, Attibir Al-Masbouk Fi Naseehat Al-Molouk, [Council or Advice for Kings], he outlined the characteristics of a leader from an Islamic perspective. Al-Ghazali provided ten commandments – supported by the Sunnah of the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) and viewpoints of Muslim philosophers – that should be taken by the Muslim leaders. Some of these commandments are: shura (consultation), avoidance of committing injustice, softness and tenderness as a mode of conduct between authorities and citizens and helping members in solving their problems whether personal or professional (al-Ghazali 1987: 22-33). From another angle, Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) laid emphasis on the social aspects of leadership and organization. His famous book Al-Ibar Wa Diwan Al-Mubtada’ WalKhabar Fi Ayyam Al-Arab Wal-Barbar Wal-Ajam Waman A’sarahum Min Dhawi Assultan Al-Akbar (Al-Moqaddimah) [The Introduction] is considered as one of the most important books in the field of social science. He emphasized that leadership is an outcome of social interaction between different social groups. Ibn Khaldun believed that the social organization is related to many factors and environmental elements, which affect human behavior and ultimately, will be reflected in the leadership of the society. Ibn Khaldun also stated that the development of the social organization? s structure is related to its cultural background (Ibn Khaldun 1979: 144). Ability to structure an organization is one aspect of leadership. He believes that studying the development of the organization will help to forecast its future potential. This will be done by 9 combining environmental elements, and as he believed, with both psychological and geographical. It is worth mentioning that the contribution of the above mentioned Muslim scholars remain as the basic pillars for the development of current leadership thought. However, most of these contributions focused on the leadership of the government and state affairs that can be useful for managing institutions in society and in shaping the philosophy of leadership from the Islamic perspective. Yet it remains clear that there is no published work on educational leadership by early Muslim scholars. Contemporary Ideas on Islamic Leadership Although the study of leadership is one of the most important fields of modern time, with the Qur? an and the Sunnah providing us with numerous references for understanding the Islamic approach to leadership, Muslim intellectuals have failed to give it its proper due. In addition to the contributions of the early Muslim scholars in th e field of leadership, there is also the practical application of the Islamic approach to eadership through the Islamic states throughout history. Until today, Muslim intellectuals have been unable to formalize an Islamic theory of leadership. Although there have been many attempts to do so, starting with the intellectual awakening movement at the beginning of the 20th century, yet no serious or scientific steps were taken until the sixth decade of this century. Till now, most of such attempts were not aimed a t formulating an Islamic theory of leadership, but rather were trying to prove that Islam had sufficient resources to 10 formulate such a theory. Additionally, they also attempted to prove that some of the Western achievements in this field were rooted in Islamic principles. Such an approach is apologetic in nature, and will not lead to formulating a proper Islamic theory of leadership, even though it is indeed the first step in doing so. A more proper approach would be to examine the Qur? an, Sunnah and Islam? s heritage, and try to deduce a theory of leadership, its objectives, characteristics, roles, styles, dimensions and principles. These attempts that aimed at presenting an Islamic feature of the leadership theory have succeeded in doing so. Some researchers raised the issue of Islamic leadership and tried to define it based on an Islamic point of view. The attempts also have come up with a set of characteristics of Islamic leadership and stated its objectives and goals. In addition, other researchers analyzed some periods of Islamic history starting from the time of Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ), his caliphs (r. a. ), the Ummayad and Abbasiad periods and others. These analyses aimed at identifying the leadership practices, to be found in Islamic history. Following is a summary of the contemporary related studies that touched the topic of leadership from an Islamic perspective A very important study that touched the topic of leadership was Nitham Al-Hukomah Al-Nabawiyah, [The Prophet’s System of Governance] by al-Kittani (1920), who was dissatisfied with the obvious lack of published material on Islamic leadership and administration especially in regard to the Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ). Al-Kittani? s book is a collection of narrations that recorded some events and behaviors of leadership and administration as practised by Prophet Muhammad (p. . u. h. ). However, these practices were not related in any way to any kind of the leadership system in general or in Islam in particular. 11 Muslim scholars have shown the general features of the Islamic leadership. Fazlul Karim (1963) for example has focused on the unique concepts of the Muslim leader. He outlined some leadership concepts as guidelines for leaders to be followed. H e explained these concepts when he wrote the following about the Muslim leader: He shall view this world as a temporary resting place for preparation for the everlasting and eternal next world. He shall continuously endeavour to acquire, in his lifetime, as much religious merit by just and honest administration, which must be based upon justice, social equity and efficiency. He shall place himself as a mere servant of the people and a trustee for his subjects, i. e. those below him in command as well as the public in general (quoted in al-Buraey, 1985: 238). Fazlul Karim further elaborated on some other principles of leadership in Islam. Among them are the following: A Muslim leader shall love for his subjects what he loves for himself and his immediate family and relatives. He shall keep his door always open for hearing grievances and for redressing of wrongs. He shall use, as a keynote of his administrative policies, justice coupled with mercy. He shall observe the religious duties and rites of others. He shall wisely choose pious, truthful and sincere men as his ministers and aids and advisors. He shall look after every community with an eye of equality so far as justice is concerned. He shall govern the people under his administrative charge according to the laws of the Qur? an, Sunnah and general rules of equity and justice (Ibid). More recently, Abu Sin (1986: 171) emphasized that leadership thought in Islam is based on the Qur? an, Sunnah and the human values that were prevalent at the beginning of Islamic history. Therefore, Muslims have to look at their legislative sources precisely in order to understand the Islamic perspective of leadership. In addition, they could look at leadership practices of the early Muslim state formed by Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) and his Pious caliphs (r. a. ). 12 According to many scholars, the comprehensiveness and all encompassing nature of Islamic leadership theory is what distinguishes it from other leadership theories. The striking feature of an Islamic leadership theory is its emphasis on all the relevant variables and factors that affect the leadership cycle or process, inside and outside the organization, as well as its understanding of individual behavior in light of social and cultural forces. It includes an important dimension, that is the ethical and moral factors that have a great effect on leadership behavior in organizations. As for the practical program of an Islamic leadership that would achieve its objectives, Abu Sin (1986: 201) stressed the importance of connecting leadership with the Islamic social environment making it bound by society? social values. The concept of shura and participation should be applied, and a humane environment that encourages higher productivity should be secured. The economic variable should also be dealt with by providing it for the material needs of the workers. An Islamic leadership is the one that seeks happiness for the individual and society. AlBuraey (1994: 17) stated that Islamic leadership assists the individual in attaining happiness in both worlds. Therefore, the function of leadership is to direct human resources properly in order to serve society in achieving happiness. Muslim scholars succeeded in drawing attention towards this important dimension for leadership in Islam. Jabnoun (1994) made the distinction between Islamic and the Western perspectives of leadership by saying that, â€Å"unlike the common concepts of management, Islam encompasses the dimensions of belief in Allah (s. w. t) and the Hereafter. These added dimensions have innumerable ramifications on the actions and interactions of individuals, organizations and societies. † (pp. 1- 2). Like Abu Sin 13 1986) and al-Buraey (1990), Jabnoun (1994) emphasized that ethics play a major role in Islamic perspectives. Although his book was on leadership in general, the writer concentrated on some Qura? nic verses and some of Hadith literture related to the elements of leadership, such as planning, organizing and leading. However, the writer relied on both Islamic and Western sources of management. To emphasize more the ethical dimension of leadership, Abdul-Athim (1994) believes that val ues and ethics are the most important features of Islamic leadership. Therefore, he concentrated on discussing Islamic values and their influence on the leadership process at its various levels of planning, organizing, implementing, supervising and others. The objective of an Islamic leadership is mainly the worship of Allah (s. w. t) on Earth by applying the Islamic principles in ibadat and mu’amalat, establishing khilafah and justice. Such objectives were presented by many Muslim writers such as Abu Sin (1986: 200). However, such a set of objectives is for every Muslim, which means that the evaluation of achievement of an Islamic leadership is difficult. Furthermore, the higher objective of an Islamic leadership and its proper tools and instruments were presented by al-Ali in his book Al-Idarah Fil-Islam, [Administration in Islam] which mentioned that Islam combines faith and good deeds (al-Ali 1985: 68). Allah (s. w. t) says: â€Å" By time, verily man is in loss, except such as have Faith, and do righteous deeds, and (join together) in the mutual enjoining of truth, and of patience and constancy. † (Qur? an 103: 1- 3). Islamic leadership has sublime characteristics that distinguish it from other models of leaderships. In his second book Management and Administration in Islam, al-Buraey 14 (1990) allocated an entire chapter to the roots of Islamic leadership. He stated that, â€Å"The most important characteristic of the leadership in Islam was the religious and moral spirit which dominated the entire field of government and leadership under Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) and the four pious caliphs. † (al-Buraey, 1990: 233). He emphasized that the orientation and general philosophy of Islamic leadership centres on the concepts of piety, shura; consultation, justice, equality, and social equity. Al-Ali (1985) on the other hand mentioned some characteristics of leadership in Islam, in addition to the effects of Qur? an and Sunnah on the development of leadership. He also mentioned some Qur? anic verses and sayings of the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) to support the idea that we have the resources to Islamize anything. However, he did not relate these sayings to the Islamic system of leadership or administration. More recently, Beekun and Badawi (1999) in their book entitled Leadership: An Islamic Perspective, emphasized the importance of morals and good behavior in the Islamic leadership. They mentioned the four main bases of Islamic moral character that Muslim leaders should follow. These are Iman or faith, Islam, Taqwa or piety, and Ihsan (pp. 19- 25). They emphasized additional five key hallmarks of Islamic behavior. These are „adl (justice), amanah (trust), birr (righteousness), mujahadah (struggle) and ‘ahd (keeping a promise) (Ibid. : 26- 33). The two authors touched briefly upon the roles of leadership from an Islamic perspective. They stated that a Muslim leader should be both a servant and a guardian for his or her followers (Ibid. : 15). Finally, there were some attempts aimed at presenting the features of an Islamic theory of leadership. Abdul-Athim (1994) called for a theory in which values and morals are 15 the basis. He called this attempt as „leadership by values?. Abu Sin also specified the main features of an Islamic theory of leadership as follows: 1. It is connected to the social philosophy of the Muslim society, its ethics and values. 2. It stresses the economic variable and material incentive, and works to satisfy the needs of the individual. 3. It also gives consideration to the human and spiritual dimensions. It respects the individual as a human being and incorporates him in the administrative process, each according to his capabilities. 4. It should also give due attention to organizational diminution; specification of responsibilities, respect for authority, official ties and the organizational structure (1986: 188). Educational Leadership Roles in Islam Educational leadership in Islam has some unique roles as it is concerned with worldly matters as well as spiritual ones. A Muslim leader in any organization has all of these interests. As he strives for the success of the organization, he takes care regarding the satisfaction of Allah (s. w. t. ). Additionally, he or she has the responsibility of guiding people to the good for this life and for the Hereafter. This section will look at five roles of educational leadership in Islam. A. The Visionary Educational Leader A Muslim leader is a forward-looking person whose main concern is to achieve the vision of the planned future rather than just the daily objectives of the organization. He or she has a clear vision that guides him or her towards the achievement of the objectives by following the right way and method. The leader? s vision will clarify why one is here, how and what one is doing and what one will be doing in the future. Leaders have to transform this clear vision to the members of the organization. This will 16 enhance the organization and lead it to a high state whereby everybody is informed of what he or she is doing and towards what end. Allah (s. w. t) asked the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) and his companions to be patient and not to clash with their oppressors because the final vision had yet to be reached. Allah (s. w. t) said in the Qur? n: â€Å" Hast thou not turned thy thought to those who were told to hold back their hands (from fight) but establish regular prayers and spend in regular Zakah†¦ â€Å" (Qur? an 4: 77). Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) therefore, kept planning for this final vision until it was achieved when the first Islamic state was established in Medina. It was clear thus that the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) had a very clear vision from the beginning of his P rophethood. He refused several times to clash with Quraish tribes in Mecca during the first thirteen years of the new religion. His vision was clear – that is building a new and unique Islamic state. â€Å"Small clashes here and there will not help Muslims to achieve their final goal. Even when his companions were suffering, he only used to ask them to have patience. † (Abdul-Wahhab 1997: 106). Therefore, a visionary leader is required for any organization that is looking forward to achieving its future objectives. B. The Servant Educacational Leader Serving one? s people is one of the main roles of a Muslim leader. Educational leadership in this context, is not a matter of privilege or position. It is rather a huge responsibility. Educational leaders need therefore to feel that they are the servants of their followers in order to be able to fulfill their duties in the best way possible. This feeling will help leaders to make great efforts towards protecting the members of the organization and do whatever necessary to achieve its objectives. 17 The Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) said: â€Å"A ruler who has been entrusted with the affairs of the Muslims but makes no endeavor (for the material and moral upliftment) and is not sincerely concerned (for their welfare) will not enter Paradise along with them. † (Muslim, n. d. Vol. 1, ch. 44, hadith No. 64, p. 82). Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) said: â€Å"A commander (of the Muslims) is a shield for them. They fight behind him and they are protected by him (from tyrants and aggressors). If he enjoins fear of Allah (s. w. t), the Exalted and Glorious, and dispenses justice, there will be a (great) reward for him; and if he enjoins otherwise, it rebounds on him. â₠¬  (Muslim, 1987, hadith No. 4542). The second caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab (r. a. ) was quoted as telling his people: â€Å"I have appointed over you governors and agents not to beat your bodies or take your money, but rather to teach you and serve you. (Abdul-Hadi 1970: 73 and al-Buraey 1985: 248). It is clear therefore that a Muslim leader should realize that he or she is obliged to serve the members of the organization as part of serving the Muslim Ummah. C. The Educacational Leader as a Guide A Muslim educational leader is but a guide who is concerned about his followers? well being. His main concern is guiding them to what is good in the organization in life in general and in the Hereafter. He has to direct the followers towards understanding the vision of the organization and how they are going to achieve success in their duties in the best manner. He should have such ability. In addition, the Muslim leader should have in mind that one of his duties is to direct people to be good Muslims besides being professional members. 18 About several of His prophets, Allah (s. w. t) said in the Qur? an: â€Å"And We made them leaders, guiding (men) by Our command, and We inspired them to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers and to give Zakah and they constantly served Us (and Us only). † (Qur? an 21: 73). To reiterate the idea, Allah (s. w. t) said in the Qur? n about the children of Israel: â€Å"And We appointed, from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our signs. † (Qur? an 32: 24). The caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab (r. a. ) reinforced the meaning of „guiding? when he addressed the newly appointed governors and agents as follows: Listen, verily I am not sending you as rulers and potentates; rather, I am sending you as the leaders of guidance so that men may follow you. Render unto the Muslims their rights; beat them not, lest you humiliate them; praise them not lest you make them undisciplined. Do not shut your doors against them, lest the strong among them devour the weak ones (Husaini 1958: 83). It was clear for all Muslim leaders during the time of Umar (r. a. ) that they were just to guide their people and help them towards living in happiness. This role should be clear also for today? s Muslim leaders in order to understand the essence of educational leadership and be able to lead people towards success in this life and in the Hereafter. D. The Influential Educacational Leader A Muslim leader? s job is not only to serve and guide people but to bring about some changes for the betterment of their lives. Educational leadership in this context is connected with change from the wrong to the right. By influencing people, leaders will be able to transform their spirit, knowledge and experience to everybody in the 19 organization. However, this will not be achieved unless leaders are good models and examples for their followers. The Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) was very successful in influencing people and guiding them to the new religion – beginning with his wife Khadija (r. a), his close companion Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (r. a) and all other companions (Abdul-Wahhab 1997: 97). The caliph Abu Bakr (r. a) was then very influential in persuading Umar Bin al-Khattab and other people regarding the importance of fighting those who refused to pay the Zakah in order not to differentiate between all pillars of Islam (al-Sayouti 1994: 87). This resulted in keeping the religion as pure as Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) preached it to his people. Such examples are to be followed by all Muslim leaders who intend to encourage some positive changes in the lives of their followers. Leaders should realize that leading must come together with influencing. The leader? influential role can touch the hearts of the members of the organization and affect their behaviors. E. The Educative Leader A Muslim educational leader is concerned about the enhancement of the potentials and capabilities of all members. Thus educational leadership is concerned with the advancement of the members of the organization in a number of ways, especially: spiritually, mentally, intellectually, psych ologically, socially and professionally. A leader? s main mission is not only to ensure the job is done but also to develop and train people in order to be competent, efficient and independent. Educational leadership in Islam in this context will allow leaders to transfer their experiences to the members. As a result, the capable people will be trained in one way or another to be the leaders of the future and the cycle will continue. 20 The Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) used to teach his companions in different ways, especially when somebody was given a position involving leadership. It has been reported that when Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) appointed Ali Ibn Abi Talib (r. a. ) as a judge in Yemen, he was concerned that he had no experience in the field. Regarding this incident, Ali (r. . ) said: â€Å"the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) sent me to Yemen as a judge. I said: Oh! Messenger of Allah ! I am a youth, how could you send me to a people who are far advanced in years than me. The Prophet prayed for me, and said: ? If two adversaries approach you; (for fair judgement) and you hear the claim of one, do not judge until you have heard from the other, for this is to decide the case „†(al-Baihaqi n. d. , Vol. 10, Kitab A’dab alQadi, p. 86). It is clear here that Prophet Muhammad (p. b. u. h. ) had taught Ali (r. a. ) the main and most general rule to be practiced by a judge. Muslim leaders therefore, should follow such examples and train their followers how to do the assigned jobs. By doing this, members will be more confident in tackling their duties and as a result, they will be more professional in their concerned fields. Educacational Leadership Styles in Islam Educational leadership from an Islamic perspective has some unique styles which makes it different from other styles of educational leadership. They are based on the Islamic principles that guide and frame the theoretical perspective of educational leadership. Four educational leadership styles could be recognized; brotherhood, collaborative, shuratic or consultative and supportive educational leadership styles. However, Muslim leaders can adapt more than one style as they relate to each other. Feelings of brotherhood within the organization will lead people to collaborate with each other and will help the leader to support his or her followers. On the other hand, applying the shura system in the decision making process will bring the leader and the 21 followers together as everybody feels loyal to the organization. This section will look at these four possible educational leadership styles in Islam. A. Brotherhood Educacational Leadership It is a style of educational leadership in which the leader and all the organization? s members are considered as a family. Followers feel that they are but brothers and sisters of each other before having any kind of organizational structure or position. To have the real essence of brotherhood, leaders tend to feel that they are not better than any other person in the organization. They also tend to deal with others exactly as they like to be dealt with. Having this feeling in an Islamic organization will make everybody feel as part of one family. Such an achievement will help to create a socially healthy environment for the excellence of the organization. It was reported that Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (r. a. ) has said when he was appointed as the Khalifa (leader) for the Muslims: â€Å"I am not a better person than any one of you, if I am right follow me and if I am wrong, correct me. † (al-Sayouti 1994: 84). Today? s leaders need such feelings that guide them to understand the essence of educational leadership that Muslim organizations need at this time. It is not a matter of having a rank or a position but rather it is a matter of feeling of equality and building good relationships with the members of the organization. The fifth Rashidi (rightly guided) caliph Umar Bin Abdul-Aziz also has been reported to have said that: â€Å"I am not a better person than any one of you, but I am just having more responsibilities than any one of you. † (al-Sayouti 1994: 276). Therefore, leaders 22 should feel they are responsible for creating an environment of brotherhood in their organizations in which members feel that they are close to each other. Such an environment will enhance the social relationships among everybody and motivate them for better achievements. B. Collaborative Educacational Leadership Working in harmony as a team is an inner feeling in most people.. Leaders should realize that they cannot work separately even if they are experts unless they cooperate with everybody in the organization. Leaders then believe that strengthening the relationships of the members will lead to success. Such strong relationships and cooperation will bring harmony to the organization, which will create a positive and healthy environment. To achieve that, leaders tend to have the members working in groups as much as possible. They tend also to have some social programs for all members. As a result, members in the same way will believe that they cannot achieve their objectives unless they put their hands together and work as one team. The Islamic model of educational leadership emphasizes co-operation rather than competition (al-Buraey, 1985: 344). Allah (s. w. t. ) directed Muslims to help each other. He said: â€Å"help ye one another in righteousness and piety, but help ye not one another in sin and rancour. † (Qur? an 5: 2). This kind of help and cooperation will be considered as a system for Muslims in order to achieve success. Leaders therefore should help their followers to overcome their problems and facilitate whatever they need in order to carry out their duties in the best way possible. 23 C. Shuratic or Consultative Educacational Leadership Whatever experience the leader has, his or her decision will be according to one person? s opinion. He or she will probably feel the need for others? opinions and ideas before making any necessary decisions that might affect the members of the organization. Leaders therefore apply the shura (consultation) method in any way that allows them to listen to others and allow the members to express their ideas on certain important matters that concern the organization. Leaders then will tend to ask for feedback about any matter that concerns the school and the members. As a result, members will feel free to go to the leader and present any necessary suggestions or advice. Such an atmosphere will create a high level of trust and spirit among all members of the organization. Allah (s. w. t) said in the Qur? n about Muslims: â€Å"Those who respond to their Lord, and establish regular prayer who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation; who spend out of what We bestow on them for sustenance. † (Qur? an 42: 38). Mutual consultation as Allah (s. w. t) declared, is a distinguishing Muslim trait, especially of leaders. What makes shura unique in the Islamic point of view is â€Å"its consensus generating mechanism rather than majority o r minority influence. † (alBuraey, 1985: 344). All decisions that have been agreed upon in any organization must be in accordance with the Islamic principles. Practicing shura (consultation) will help leaders to more involve the members of the organization in the decision making process. As a result, the members will be more motivated to do their job. They will feel a sense of belonging to the organization, as it is their own. They will also feel as having an important role to play and not only 24 implementing whatever they have been asked to do. Such an environment will boost the team spirit in the organization. D. Supportive Educacational Leadership Islamic educational leadership believes in supporting the members of the organization in their work. Leaders are trying to be on their members? ide. The organization? s members are always in need of their leaders? motivation and encouragement. They need the spiritual motivation before any other. They also need training programs that increase their knowledge and skills in different fields. Therefore, leaders in this style will take any given opportunity to motivate and encourage their follower s in different ways and utilize different situations. Leaders believe in training and developing the members in necessary skills, and thus a continuous professional development program for the members is an absolute priority. In clarifying Prophet Muhammad? s (p. b. u. h. duty, Allah (s. w. t) said in the Qur? an: â€Å"It is He Who has sent amongst the unlettered, a messenger from among themselves, to rehearse to them His signs, to purify them, and to instruct them in the Book and wisdom, although they had been, before, in manifest error. † (Qur? an 62: 2). It is evident here that the duty of the Prophet (p. b. u. h. ) as a leader was not only to make sure that everything proceeded smoothly but also to teach, educate and develop further people? s knowledge and skills. Muslim leaders should practice such duties that will help them to understand the essence of educational leadership and be good leaders. RECOMMENDATIONS This work was an attempt in studying the philosophy of educational leadership in Islam. It tried to cover part of it to some extent. Other parts such as the objectives, 25 characteristics, fundamentas and principles of educational leadership in Islam and other topics need more investigations. The researchers, therefore, would suggests the following recommendations to enhance the status of Islamic educational leadership: 1. Muslim scholars should make great efforts towards investigating the concepts of Islamic educational leadership. They have to do more in-depth research on this topic. This will be of assistance in formulating a theory of educational leadership from the Islamic perspective which contributes to the existing knowledge and engage with it by means of accommodation or modification. 2. Several education ministries in Muslim nations, Muslim manager training institutions, Muslim leadership training institutions and authorities dealing with Muslim institutions should pay a great deal of attention towards understanding the concepts of Islamic leadership and educational leadership. As Muslims, they should emphasize more on realizing that every aspect in life including administration in all institutions must be in ccordance with Islam. 3. Courses on educational leadership in universities, colleges and managers training institutions should focuss more on incorporating Islamic concept of educational leadership. This will enable these institutions to produce sound, knowledgeable and skillful managers and administrators who are able to serve the Muslim Ummah. 4. E ducational leaders, managers and other administrators should practice more clearly the Islamic way of leadership. They should consider their work for the sake of Allah as the highest level on their list of priorities. They should be competent and should possess good character (akhlaq) so that they can be role models for others especially the younger generation. 5. Educational leaders should make a great effort to create a sound and healthy environment for their organization. Such an environment will help accomplish the objectives of the institution. 26 6. Research centres and educational leadership institutions should organize more seminars, workshops and conferences in order to disseminate the concepts of educational leadership from an Islamic perspective. This will also help to consolidate and crystallize the Islamic theory of leadership. 7. Muslim scholars who are well-versed in Western educational leadership should increase their efforts in doing comparative studies between the Islamic and Western philosophies of educational leadership. 8. The five educational leadership roles and four educational leadership styles from an Islamic perspective that have been studied could be a guideline for selecting new leaders and managers for the Islamic organizations. 9. Further studies are to be conducted in the Islamic institutions in Muslim countries. This will assist scholars in acquiring a broader view of the current situation in the Islamic institutions in Muslim societies. As a result, this will help understanding the Islamic theory of educational leadership. 10. A comparative study between Islamic institutions and other ones could help us in understanding the unique aspects of the Islamic institutions and the main differences between both of them. 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdul-Athim, M. (1994). Usol Al-Fikr Al-Idari Fi Al-Islam, [Fundamentals of Administrative Thought in Islam]. Cairo: Maktaba Wahbah. Abdul-Hadi, H. A. (1970). Al-Fikr Al-Idari Al-Islami Wa Al-Muqaran, [Comparative and Islamic Administrative Thought]. 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